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Passado um ano, a ideia saiu do papel em 2017. O World Bank criou o PEF, Pandemic Emergency Financial Facility, um fundo que seria usado para conter uma pandemia iniciada. Como mostra a ilustração da organização, a captação para constituir o PEF se daria de duas formas:
1) pela doação de países, no caso, Alemanha, Japão, Austrália (https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2018/06/21/world-bank-groups-pandemic-emergency-financing-facility-pef-welcomes-australia-as-new-donor), e do IDA (International Development Association), braço do World Bank que financia os ~75 países mais pobres do globo;
2) pela emissão das pandemic bonds
E seria gerido por um grupo de países e órgãos internacionais: "a steering body composed of donors (Japan, Germany, and Australia), international organizations (including the World Health Organization, UNICEF, and the World Bank), and two IDA-eligible countries (Liberia and Haiti)" (https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/pandemics/brief/pandemic-emergency-facility-frequently-asked-questions).
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Com o corpo de funcionamento do projeto atendido, foram lançadas as pandemic bonds em Junho de 2017: World Bank Launches First-Ever Pandemic Bonds to Support $500 Million Pandemic Emergency Financing Facility (https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2017/06/28/world-bank-launches-first-ever-pandemic-bonds-to-support-500-million-pandemic-emergency-financing-facility).
E a emissão foi muito bem sucedida:
"The transaction, that enables PEF to potentially save millions of lives, was oversubscribed by 200% reflecting an overwhelmingly positive reception from investors and a high level of confidence in the new World Bank sponsored instrument. With such strong demand, the World Bank was able to price the transaction well below the original guidance from the market. The total amount of risk transferred to the market through the bonds and derivatives is $425 million."
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Eram duas classes de títulos, que rendiam um benchmark, o USD Libor (algo como uma Ptax para o dólar), mais cupons de 6,5% ou 11,1% ao ano -- este último abarcando mais doenças a serem cobertas, obviamente. Em época de juros baixos, um título rendendo a taxas nesses níveis só se fosse junk bond, com péssimo rating pelas agências de risco. Cenário totalmente diferente para o World Bank: "rated Aaa/AAA (Moody’s/S&P)".
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O World Bank deixava claro quais eram os conjuntos virais que cobriria uma possível disseminação:
Entretanto, para realmente financiar os cuidados desta nova disseminação (por meio da denominada Insurance Window), os critérios estabelecidos importavam bastante. E em 2019, na primeira possível atuação efetiva do PEF, o contágio de uma epidemia de ebola na República Democrática do Congo não se expandiu para outros países em larga escala. Resultado: o World Bank ajudou, mas de forma rasa: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-08-14/ebola-bond-pays-investors-millions-while-congo-battles-outbreak e https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2019/08/29/the-world-banks-pandemic-bonds-are-not-paying-out-for-ebola
Olga Jonas, que atuou no controle da gripe aviária e do SARS no World Bank, hoje em Harvard, foi enfática em artigo na Nature à época (https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-02415-9):
"In July, the World Bank announced that it would, independently of PEF mechanisms, mobilize up to $300 million towards the Ebola outbreak. Meanwhile, the PEF has cost much more than it has brought in. The World Bank, where I worked for 3 decades as an economist, has not advertised the bonds’ exact terms, but I have ploughed through the confusing 386-page bond prospectus. The PEF has already paid around $75.5 million to bondholders as premiums, but has not disclosed how much they have been paid in interest — and it is set to pay much more. However, outbreak responders have received just $31 million from the PEF, and the much-touted potential payout of $425 million is highly unlikely. Twice as many investors signed up to buy pandemic bonds as were available. It was a good deal for investors, not for global health."
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O prazo de vencimento dessas bonds era Julho de 2020 e acontece que antes chegou o covid-19, um dos grupos virais cobertos pelas pandemic:
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Mesmo com pandemia alcançando mais de 200 mil mortes (https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html), houve imbróglio para confirmar se esta cumpriria os critérios de disseminação: "AIR Worldwide Corporation published its so-called eligible event report, determining that the outbreak hadn’t met the “exponential growth rate” criterion in eligible countries, the World Bank said in a statement dated April 9." (https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-04-10/deadly-virus-fails-to-trigger-world-bank-s-pandemic-bonds).
Por fim, pela última decisão, será colocada em prática -- mesmo que com ressalvas: "The World Bank’s “pandemic bonds” will pay out $132.5m to some of the poorest nations affected by coronavirus, the Washington-based institution has confirmed, although critics question whether the payout is too late to be effective." (https://www.ft.com/content/c8556c9f-72f7-48b4-91bf-c9e32ddab6ff).
Por fim, pela última decisão, será colocada em prática -- mesmo que com ressalvas: "The World Bank’s “pandemic bonds” will pay out $132.5m to some of the poorest nations affected by coronavirus, the Washington-based institution has confirmed, although critics question whether the payout is too late to be effective." (https://www.ft.com/content/c8556c9f-72f7-48b4-91bf-c9e32ddab6ff).
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